Metabolism - Erectile Dysfunction - Kidney Injury Studies - Psoriasis - Inflammation
Glucose metabolism plays a significant role in cell proliferation, growth, survival, and tumorgenesis. Hormones such as insulin regulate the maintenance of glucose homeostasis. Insulin binding to the insulin receptor (IR) activates the insulin receptor substrate (IRS) protein, followed by the activation of PI3K/Akt and Erk1/2 signaling pathways, leads to the translocation of Glut4 vesicles, glucose uptake, cell proliferation and survival. Abnormal insulin signaling is implicated in diabetes, obesity, atherosclerosis and neurodegenerative disease etc.
Serine/threonine kinase AMPK upregulates glucose uptake by promoting the expression and function of glucose transporters. AMPK is activated by increased AMP/ATP ratio, resulting from cellular and environmental stress, e.g. low glucose, heat shock, hypoxia and ischemia. AMPK activation positively modulates signaling transductions that refill ATP levels. Moreover, it also stimulates catabolic processes such as fatty acid oxidation and glycolysis through inhibition of ACC and activation of PFK2. AMPK negatively regulates various proteins which are important to ATP-consuming mechanisms, e.g. mTORC2, glycogen synthase, SREBP-1, and TSC2, causing the downregulation/inhibition of gluconeogenesis and glycogen, lipid and protein synthesis.
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- B3439 Udenafil中文名: 乌地那非Target: Phosphodiesterases (PDEs)Summary: PDE5抑制剂
- A3178 AN-2728中文名: 克立硼罗Summary: PDE4抑制剂,抗炎化合物
- A4374 PF-38451 CitationTarget: FAAHSummary: FAAH抑制剂
- A4347 Methotrexate2 Citation中文名: 甲氨蝶呤Target: Folate AnalogueSummary: 叶酸拮抗剂,抑制DFHR。
- A4346 Aminophylline中文名: 氨茶碱,氨基非林Target: Phosphodiesterases (PDEs)Summary: Pan-PDE抑制剂
- A4334 Avanafil中文名: 阿伐那非Target: Phosphodiesterases (PDEs)Summary: PDE5抑制剂
- A4327 Tadalafil中文名: 他达拉非Target: Phosphodiesterases (PDEs)Summary: PDE5抑制剂
- A4323 Vardenafil HCl Trihydrate中文名: 盐酸伐地那非三水合物Target: Phosphodiesterases (PDEs)Summary: PDE5抑制剂
- A4317 Apremilast (CC-10004)中文名: 阿普斯特Target: Phosphodiesterases (PDEs)Summary: PDE4抑制剂