Metabolism - Cell Experiments - Pancreatic Carcinoma - Inflammatory Diseases - Neuroblastoma
Glucose metabolism plays a significant role in cell proliferation, growth, survival, and tumorgenesis. Hormones such as insulin regulate the maintenance of glucose homeostasis. Insulin binding to the insulin receptor (IR) activates the insulin receptor substrate (IRS) protein, followed by the activation of PI3K/Akt and Erk1/2 signaling pathways, leads to the translocation of Glut4 vesicles, glucose uptake, cell proliferation and survival. Abnormal insulin signaling is implicated in diabetes, obesity, atherosclerosis and neurodegenerative disease etc.
Serine/threonine kinase AMPK upregulates glucose uptake by promoting the expression and function of glucose transporters. AMPK is activated by increased AMP/ATP ratio, resulting from cellular and environmental stress, e.g. low glucose, heat shock, hypoxia and ischemia. AMPK activation positively modulates signaling transductions that refill ATP levels. Moreover, it also stimulates catabolic processes such as fatty acid oxidation and glycolysis through inhibition of ACC and activation of PFK2. AMPK negatively regulates various proteins which are important to ATP-consuming mechanisms, e.g. mTORC2, glycogen synthase, SREBP-1, and TSC2, causing the downregulation/inhibition of gluconeogenesis and glycogen, lipid and protein synthesis.
清除全部
- A3358 DeltarasinTarget: Phosphodiesterases (PDEs)Summary: KRAS-PDEδ相互作用抑制剂
- A4383 Tolcapone中文名: 托卡朋Target: Catechol O-Methyltransferase (COMT)Summary: COMT抑制剂
- A4349 S- (+)-Rolipram中文名: (S)-(+)-咯利普兰,(+)-咯利普兰Summary: CAMP特异性PDE4抑制剂
- A4330 Isotretinoin中文名: 罗可坦,异维A酸Target: RARsSummary: 多巴胺β-羟化酶激活剂
- A4316 Ketoconazole中文名: 酮康唑Target: Cytochrome P450 (CYP450)Summary: 环孢菌素氧化酶和睾酮6β-羟化酶的抑制剂