GPCR/G protein - Na /Ca2 Exchangers (NCXs) - S1P receptors - Norepinephrine transporters - Glucocorticoid Receptors

G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) mediate a wide range of physiological responses to environmental stimulants, neurotransmitters, hormones cytokines and lipid signaling molecules. As a result, GPCRs play a significant role in biological processes such as vision, olfaction, the autonomic nervous system, and behavior.

All GPCRs share a common seven trans-membrane structure. GPCRs are associated with heterotrimeric G-proteins which are GTP-binding proteins made of alpha, beta, and gamma subunits. When a ligand binds to GPCR, it activates the attached G-protein, the GDP is replaced with GTP. The activated G-protein then dissociates into an alpha and a beta-gamma complex which activates downstream signaling pathways. These intracellular signaling pathways include cAMP/PKA, calcium/NFAT, phospholipase C, protein tyrosine kinases, MAP kinases, PI-3-kinase, nitric oxide/cGMP, Rho, and JAK/STAT.

GPCRs are one of the most important therapeutic targets for various diseases, over 30% of all modern medicinal drugs target this family. Aberrant GPCR functions are involved in pathological conditions such as neurological, immunological and hormonal disorders. A large number of GPCRs have been identified, but whose ligands are not known, are classified as orphan receptors.