Oseltamivir（奥赛米韦）是流感神经氨酸酶的抑制剂[1]。

Oseltamivir是一种前药，被肠和/或肝酯酶转换成神经氨酸酶的抑制剂oseltamivir carboxylate（奥塞米韦羧酸盐）。神经氨酸酶切除新和成病毒后代的末端a-Neu5Ac残基，使其从感染细胞中流出，并寻找新的宿主细胞感染。Oseltamivir有效阻断唾液酸酶活性，显著抑制释放机构[1]。

在成人治疗中，oseltamivir减少第一次肺炎症状减轻的时间。在预防试验中，oseltamivir减少55%患者中的流感症状。Oseltamivir也有一定的危害，成人用oseltamivir治疗可能会增加恶心的风险，而在预防试验中可能有增加头痛的风险[2]。

当神经氨酸酶基因H1N1的275残基由组氨酸变为酪氨酸（H275Y）时，可引起对oseltamivir的耐受性[3]。

参考文献：
[1] Enguang Feng, Deju Ye, Jian Li, Dengyou Zhang, Jinfang Wang, Fei Zhao, Rolf Hilgenfeld, Mingyue Zheng, Hualiang Jiang and Hong Liu.  Recent Advances in Neuraminidase Inhibitor Development as Anti-influenza Drugs. Chem Med Chem 2012, 7: 1527 – 1536.
[2] Tom Jefferson reviewer, Mark Jones, Peter Doshi, Elizabeth A Spencer, Igho Onakpoya, Carl J Heneghan.  Oseltamivir for influenza in adults and children: systematic review of clinical study reports and summary of regulatory comment. BMJ. 2014, 348: g2545.
[3] Rashmi Dixit, Gulam Khandaker, Scott Ilgoutz, Harunor Rashid and Robert Booy.  Emergence of Oseltamivir Resistance: Control and Management of Influenza before, during and after the Pandemic. Infectious Disorders – Drug Targets. 2013, 13 (1): 34-45.