Metabolism - HMG-CoA Reductases
Glucose metabolism plays a significant role in cell proliferation, growth, survival, and tumorgenesis. Hormones such as insulin regulate the maintenance of glucose homeostasis. Insulin binding to the insulin receptor (IR) activates the insulin receptor substrate (IRS) protein, followed by the activation of PI3K/Akt and Erk1/2 signaling pathways, leads to the translocation of Glut4 vesicles, glucose uptake, cell proliferation and survival. Abnormal insulin signaling is implicated in diabetes, obesity, atherosclerosis and neurodegenerative disease etc.
Serine/threonine kinase AMPK upregulates glucose uptake by promoting the expression and function of glucose transporters. AMPK is activated by increased AMP/ATP ratio, resulting from cellular and environmental stress, e.g. low glucose, heat shock, hypoxia and ischemia. AMPK activation positively modulates signaling transductions that refill ATP levels. Moreover, it also stimulates catabolic processes such as fatty acid oxidation and glycolysis through inhibition of ACC and activation of PFK2. AMPK negatively regulates various proteins which are important to ATP-consuming mechanisms, e.g. mTORC2, glycogen synthase, SREBP-1, and TSC2, causing the downregulation/inhibition of gluconeogenesis and glycogen, lipid and protein synthesis.
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- B1788 Mevastatin中文名: 美伐他汀Target: HMG-CoA ReductasesSummary: HMG-CoA还原酶抑制剂
- A8522 Simvastatin (Zocor)中文名: 辛伐他汀Target: HMG-CoA ReductasesSummary: HMGCR(HMG-CoA还原酶)抑制剂
- A8504 Pitavastatin Calcium1 Citation中文名: 匹伐他汀钙Target: HMG-CoA ReductasesSummary: 酶HMGCR抑制剂
- A4369 Pravastatin sodium中文名: 普伐他汀钠Target: HMG-CoA ReductasesSummary: HMG-CoA还原酶的高选择性和竞争性抑制剂
- A4367 Atorvastatin Calcium中文名: 阿托伐他汀钙Target: HMG-CoA ReductasesSummary: HMG-CoA还原酶抑制剂
- A4365 Lovastatin中文名: 洛伐他汀Target: HMG-CoA ReductasesSummary: HMG-CoA还原酶抑制剂