PI3K/Akt/mTOR Signaling
The PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway is a key regulator in growth, survival, cell cycle proliferation, protein synthesis and glucose metabolism. Growth factors, hormones, and cytokines can activate this pathway by binding their cognate receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK), cytokine receptor, or GPCR, resulting in the activation of lipid kinase PI3K which produces PIP3 at the plasma membrane.
The binding of PIP3 translocates Akt to cell membranes, enables Akt activation through phosphorylation at Thr308 mediated by phosphoinositide dependent kinase 1 (PDK1). In addition, Akt is phosphorylated at Ser473 by the mTOR-rictor complex, mTORC2. PTEN is a negative regulator of Akt signaling that reverses the function of PI3K by removing 3’-phosphate groups. Akt activity is also negatively regulated by the phosphatases PP2A and PHLPP. Akt propagates its signal to affect DNA transcription, cell cycle and apoptosis. Akt can activate mTOR directly by phosphorylation or indirectly, by phosphorylation and inactivation of mTOR inhibitor TSC2 and PRAS40. Together these mechanisms stimulate cell growth and G1 cell cycle progression through signaling via p70 S6 Kinase and inhibition of 4E-BP1. Defects in PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling are implicated in cancer, diabetes and cardiovascular disease etc.
- B7826 GDC-0084Summary: PI3K和mTOR抑制剂,脑通透性的
- C5645 3-Guanidinopropionic AcidSummary: AMPK刺激剂
- C5216 NG,NG-dimethyl-L-Arginine (hydrochloride)1 CitationSummary: 内源性一氧化氮合酶抑制剂
- B7875 Adenosine 5-monophosphateSummary: 5'-AMP-activated protein kinase
- C5053 KP372-1Summary: 特异性Akt抑制剂
- C5012 GSK2269557Summary: PI3Kδ抑制剂
- C4783 UCN-01Summary: Akt、蛋白激酶C、PDK1和细胞周期蛋白依赖性激酶的抑制剂
- C4638 NSC 210902Summary: CK2抑制剂
- C4617 AMPK activatorSummary: AMPK激活剂
- C4599 GSK-3β Inhibitor IISummary: GSK-3β抑制剂