Metabolism
Glucose metabolism plays a significant role in cell proliferation, growth, survival, and tumorgenesis. Hormones such as insulin regulate the maintenance of glucose homeostasis. Insulin binding to the insulin receptor (IR) activates the insulin receptor substrate (IRS) protein, followed by the activation of PI3K/Akt and Erk1/2 signaling pathways, leads to the translocation of Glut4 vesicles, glucose uptake, cell proliferation and survival. Abnormal insulin signaling is implicated in diabetes, obesity, atherosclerosis and neurodegenerative disease etc.
Serine/threonine kinase AMPK upregulates glucose uptake by promoting the expression and function of glucose transporters. AMPK is activated by increased AMP/ATP ratio, resulting from cellular and environmental stress, e.g. low glucose, heat shock, hypoxia and ischemia. AMPK activation positively modulates signaling transductions that refill ATP levels. Moreover, it also stimulates catabolic processes such as fatty acid oxidation and glycolysis through inhibition of ACC and activation of PFK2. AMPK negatively regulates various proteins which are important to ATP-consuming mechanisms, e.g. mTORC2, glycogen synthase, SREBP-1, and TSC2, causing the downregulation/inhibition of gluconeogenesis and glycogen, lipid and protein synthesis.
- A8704 Stiripentol中文名: 司替戊醇Target: Lactate Dehydrogenases (LDH)Summary: LDH抑制剂
- B4750 (-)-p-Bromotetramisole Oxalate中文名: 对溴四咪唑草酸盐Summary: ALP抑制剂
- C7196 Chelidamic acid中文名: 白屈氨酸
- C7113 3-Methylpyrazole
- C7063 2,6-Dihydroxyanthraquinone
- C7022 Cetilistat中文名: 新利司他,西替利斯他,赛利司他,西替利斯塔Summary: 胰脂肪酶抑制剂
- C6975 Phenylglyoxal hydrate
- B8470 3-Deazaadenosine hydrochloride
- C4369 N-(β-ketocaproyl)-L-Homoserine lactone
- C3458 N,N'-DicyclohexylureaSummary: soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) inhibitor